Is the Presence of Levator Ani Muscle Avulsion Relevant for the Diagnosis of Uterine Prolapse?

OBJECTIVE: To determine if the addition of the assessment of levator ani muscle (LAM) avulsion to the measurement of the difference in the pubis-uterine fundus distance between rest and with the Valsalva maneuver could increase the diagnostic capacity of ultrasound for uterine prolapse (UP). METHODS: This multicenter, observational and prospective study included 145 patients. Ultrasound assessment was performed, establishing the diagnosis of UP as a difference between the pubic-uterine fundus distance at rest and during the Valsalva maneuver ≥15 mm (standard technique), while LAM avulsion was defined as an abnormal LAM insertion in three central slices using multislice ultrasound. A binary multivariate logistic regression model was made using nonautomated methods to predict surgical UP (general population, premenopausal, and postmenopausal patients), including the difference between the pubis-uterine fundus distance at rest and with the Valsalva maneuver as well as LAM avulsion. RESULTS: A total of 143 patients completed the study. The addition of LAM avulsion criteria to the standard dynamic distance-based protocol for the diagnosis of UP resulted in a higher sensitivity for the general population (79.7 vs 68.1%) as well as for premenopausal (89.3 vs 79.9%) and postmenopausal patients (76 vs 66.1%). In contrast, the standard technique showed a higher specificity than the model based on the standard technique associated with LAM avulsion for the general population (89.2 vs 74.3%) and premenopausal women (91.7 vs 63.2%). For postmenopausal patients, the model based on the standard technique associated with LAM avulsion had a higher sensitivity (76 vs 66.1%) and specificity (91.7 vs 86.8%) than the ultrasound diagnosis of UP. CONCLUSION: The implementation of the assessment of LAM avulsion in the ultrasound diagnosis of UP is useful in postmenopausal patients, increasing sensitivity and specificity relative to the ultrasound assessment based only on the difference between the pubis-uterine fundus distance at rest and with the Valsalva maneuver.

Is It Possible to Diagnose Surgical Uterine Prolapse With Transperineal Ultrasound? Multicenter Validation of Diagnostic Software.

OBJECTIVES: To validate an ultrasound software that uses transperineal ultrasound to diagnose uterine prolapse (UP). METHODS: Multicenter, observational and prospective study with 155 patients that had indications for surgical intervention for dysfunctional pelvic floor pathology. Each patient underwent an examination with Pozzi tenaculum forceps was performed in the operating room with the patient anesthetized, followed by surgical correction of stages II-IV UP. Transperineal ultrasound was used to assess the difference in the pubis-uterine fundus measurement. With a multivariate logistic regression binary model (with the measurement ultrasound at rest, the Valsalva maneuver and age) using nonautomated methods to predict UP. With the purpose of evaluating the model, a table with coordinates of the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve, after which sensitivity and specificity were assessed. RESULTS: A total of 153 patients were included (73 with a diagnosis of surgical UP). It was obtained from the AUC (0.89) of the probabilities predicted by the model (95% confidence interval, 0.84-0.95; P < .0005). Based on the ROC curve for the model, obtaining a sensitivity of 91.8% and a specificity of 72.7%, values that were superior to those for the clinical exam for surgical UP (sensitivity: 80.8%; specificity: 71.3%). CONCLUSIONS: We validated software that uses transperineal ultrasound of the pelvic floor and patient age to generate a more reliable diagnosis of surgical UP than that obtained from clinical examinations.

Identification of Surgical Uterine Prolapse in Premenopausal Patients With Clinical or Ultrasound Criteria? A Multicenter Comparative Study.

OBJECTIVES: It is unknown whether diagnosing uterine prolapse (UP) via ultrasound or surgical criteria is superior. Our objective is to determine whether the diagnostic capacity of ultrasound with surgical criteria differs from that of surgical criteria only. METHODS: This was a multicenter prospective observational study with 54 premenopausal patients with surgical criteria for a dysfunctional pelvic floor pathology who were consecutively recruited for 1 year. Clinical UP with surgical criteria was defined when UP stage II-IV was identified (during pelvic floor consultation), and UP diagnosed by ultrasound with surgical criteria was established when a difference ≥15 mm was found between rest and Valsalva applied to the pubis-uterine fundus. The sensitivity, specificity and positive and negative predictive values were determined to evaluate clinical and ultrasound methodologies as diagnostic tests. RESULTS: UP diagnosed by ultrasound with surgical criteria presented better sensitivity (78.57 vs 35.71%), specificity (92.11 vs 81.58%), positive predictive value (61.83 vs 23.99%), and negative predictive value (96.35 vs 11.37%) than UP diagnosed by surgical criteria only. CONCLUSION: Ultrasound with surgical criteria is superior to surgical criteria alone when diagnosing UP.

Use of intraoperative ultrasound to improve tension-free vaginal tape-obturator placement: A pilot study.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the use of intraoperative ultrasound (IUS) to achieve a postoperative optimal placement of the tension-free vaginal tape-obturator (TVT-O). METHODS: A cohort study was performed among women who underwent TVT-O placement. In 25 women, ultrasound was used for the placement, and based on current evidence, the optimal intraoperative and postoperative ultrasound pattern was selected. They were compared with 25 women where IUS was not used. RESULTS: IUS increased operative time (by 7.5 min), and in 36% (9/25) of cases it was necessary to perform some corrections based on the ultrasound findings. After 1 month, in patients of the IUS group, the tapes were more frequently placed at a distance of 3-5 mm (P = 0.01), and it was more common for it to be placed between 40% and 70% relative to the urethral length (P = 0.011). Of tapes placed with IUS, 76% (met the optimal postoperative ultrasound pattern, as opposed to only 48% placed without IUS (P = 0.041). No differences were found in the complications or the functional results at 1 month post-surgery. CONCLUSION: The use of IUS for the placement of TVT-O allows us to position them optimally and avoid erroneous placements, although IUS increases the operative time without improving the functional results and the rate of complications.

Applying the Modified Ten-Group Robson Classification in a Spanish Tertiary Hospital.

BACKGROUND: Caesarean section is necessary to save the lives of mothers and newborns at times, but it is important to perform it only when it is essential due to all the risks involved. This study aimed to examine the rate of caesarean sections performed at a tertiary hospital using the Robson classification to detect methods for the detection of and/or reduction in these caesarean section rates. METHODS: A descriptive, cross-sectional study of a retrospective database was carried out. RESULTS: A total of 10,317 births were assessed. The Robson classification was used to assess these interventions and verify whether the indication for performed caesarean sections was appropriate. In total, 2036 births by caesarean section were performed in the whole sample. The annual caesarean section rate varied between 18.67% and 21.18%. CONCLUSIONS: Caesarean sections increased by about 20% in 2021 compared to 2020 even though the trend over the years of study was decreasing. Vaginal delivery after caesarean section is a reasonable and safe option. Caesarean section rates could be improved, mostly in Robson's Group 2. The Robson classification facilitated progress in the implementation of measures aimed at improving care and adjusting caesarean section rates.

The association between SARS-CoV-2 infection and preterm delivery: a prospective study with a multivariable analysis.

BACKGROUND: To determine whether severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2, the cause of COVID-19 disease) exposure in pregnancy, compared to non-exposure, is associated with infection-related obstetric morbidity. METHODS: We conducted a multicentre prospective study in pregnancy based on a universal antenatal screening program for SARS-CoV-2 infection. Throughout Spain 45 hospitals tested all women at admission on delivery ward using polymerase-chain-reaction (PCR) for COVID-19 since late March 2020. The cohort of positive mothers and the concurrent sample of negative mothers was followed up until 6-weeks post-partum. Multivariable logistic regression analysis, adjusting for known confounding variables, determined the adjusted odds ratio (aOR) with 95% confidence intervals (95% CI) of the association of SARS-CoV-2 infection and obstetric outcomes. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Preterm delivery (primary), premature rupture of membranes and neonatal intensive care unit admissions. RESULTS: Among 1009 screened pregnancies, 246 were SARS-CoV-2 positive. Compared to negative mothers (763 cases), SARS-CoV-2 infection increased the odds of preterm birth (34 vs 51, 13.8% vs 6.7%, aOR 2.12, 95% CI 1.32-3.36, p = 0.002); iatrogenic preterm delivery was more frequent in infected women (4.9% vs 1.3%, p = 0.001), while the occurrence of spontaneous preterm deliveries was statistically similar (6.1% vs 4.7%). An increased risk of premature rupture of membranes at term (39 vs 75, 15.8% vs 9.8%, aOR 1.70, 95% CI 1.11-2.57, p = 0.013) and neonatal intensive care unit admissions (23 vs 18, 9.3% vs 2.4%, aOR 4.62, 95% CI 2.43-8.94, p <  0.001) was also observed in positive mothers. CONCLUSION: This prospective multicentre study demonstrated that pregnant women infected with SARS-CoV-2 have more infection-related obstetric morbidity. This hypothesis merits evaluation of a causal association in further research.

Obstetric Outcomes of SARS-CoV-2 Infection in Asymptomatic Pregnant Women.

Around two percent of asymptomatic women in labor test positive for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) in Spain. Families and care providers face childbirth with uncertainty. We determined if SARS-CoV-2 infection at delivery among asymptomatic mothers had different obstetric outcomes compared to negative patients. This was a multicenter prospective study based on universal antenatal screening for SARS-CoV-2 infection. A total of 42 hospitals tested women admitted for delivery using polymerase chain reaction, from March to May 2020. We included positive mothers and a sample of negative mothers asymptomatic throughout the antenatal period, with 6-week postpartum follow-up. Association between SARS-CoV-2 and obstetric outcomes was evaluated by multivariate logistic regression analyses. In total, 174 asymptomatic SARS-CoV-2 positive pregnancies were compared with 430 asymptomatic negative pregnancies. No differences were observed between both groups in key maternal and neonatal outcomes at delivery and follow-up, with the exception of prelabor rupture of membranes at term (adjusted odds ratio 1.88, 95% confidence interval 1.13-3.11; p = 0.015). Asymptomatic SARS-CoV-2 positive mothers have higher odds of prelabor rupture of membranes at term, without an increase in perinatal complications, compared to negative mothers. Pregnant women testing positive for SARS-CoV-2 at admission for delivery should be reassured by their healthcare workers in the absence of symptoms.

SARS-COV-2 infection during pregnancy, a risk factor for eclampsia or neurological manifestations of COVID-19? Case report.

BACKGROUND: There are no published cases of tonic-clonic seizures and posterior bilateral blindness during pregnancy and Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) Coronavirus (COV) 2 (SARS-COV-2) infection. We do not just face new and unknown manifestations, but also how different patient groups are affected by SARS-COV-2 infection, such as pregnant women. Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19), preeclampsia, eclampsia and posterior reversible leukoencephalopathy share endothelium damage and similar pathophysiology. CASE PRESENTATION: A 35-year-old pregnant woman was admitted for tonic-clonic seizures and SARS-COV-2 infection. She had a normal pregnancy control and no other symptoms before tonic-clonic seizures development. After a Caesarean section (C-section) she developed high blood pressure, and we initiated antihypertensive treatment with labetalol, amlodipine and captopril. Few hours later she developed symptoms of cortical blindness that resolved in 72 h with normal brain computed tomography (CT) angiography. CONCLUSION: The authors conclude that SARS COV-2 infection could promote brain endothelial damage and facilitate neurological complications during pregnancy.

Post Partum Urinary Retention and Related Risk Factors.

OBJETIVE: To investigate the prevalence and potential risk factors for postpartum voiding dysfunction (PPVD). METHODS: A retrospective observational study was performed in a university hospital center between January 2018 and April 2019. Women with PPVD criteria postpartum were diagnosed and treated. Gestational, delivery, and puerperium characteristics were compared between women with and without PPVD. RESULTS: A total of 1894 out of 2308 deliveries (81%) were vaginal, 73 (9.85%) had PPVD and 13.7% were severe. Epidural analgesia (odds ratio [OR] 7.72, 95% confidence interval [CI],1.02-58.37), operative vaginal delivery (OR 2.23, 95% CI,1.01-4.93), birthweight >4000g (OR 3.7, 95%CI,1.4-9.73), and previous cesarean delivery (OR 6.54, 95% CI, 2.2-19.2) were independent risk factors for PPVD. CONCLUSION: PPVD is a relatively common finding that complicates around 10% of vaginal deliveries. Epidural analgesia, birthweight, operative vaginal birth, and having a previous cesarean delivery are independent risk factors for PPVD. In order to prevent PPVD, more research on PPVD risk factors is needed.

Prevalence of levator hiatal overdistension after vacuum and forceps deliveries.

INTRODUCTION: Levator ani avulsion rates after assisted vaginal delivery have been reported in the literature. However, there are no definitive data regarding the association between overdistention and assisted vaginal delivery. Therefore, our aim is to report overdistention rates after assisted vaginal delivery with a postpartum ultrasound examination. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This multicenter study involved a retrospective analysis of data from primiparous women (n = 602) who had previously been recruited at three tertiary hospitals between January 2015 and January 2017. Overdistention was assessed at 6 months postpartum using three-/four-dimensional transperineal ultrasound. Patients with levator ani muscle avulsion were excluded. Overdistention was defined as a levator hiatal area ≥ 25 cm2 on Valsalva. RESULTS: Of the 602 primiparous patients, 250 patients who satisfied the inclusion criteria (139 patients who underwent forceps delivery and 111 patients who underwent vacuum delivery) were evaluated. Overdistention occurred in 20% (50 of 250) of these patients. Overdistention was observed for 1% (1/111) of vacuum deliveries and 35.3% (49 of 139) of forceps deliveries. We found an increased risk of overdistention following forceps delivery compared to vacuum delivery, with a crude odds ratio (OR) of 59.9 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 8.1, 442.2) and an adjusted OR (adjusted for maternal age, second-stage duration, and head circumference) of 17.6 (95% CI: 2.3, 136.7). CONCLUSIONS: Postpartum overdistention occurred for 20% of assisted vaginal deliveries, with an increased risk of overdistention following forceps delivery compared to vacuum delivery.

Are there differences in the damage to the pelvic floor between malmstrom's and kiwi omnicup vacuums? A multicenter study.

OBJECTIVES: The objective of this study is to investigate a multicenter study to establish if differences exist in the levator ani muscle avulsion (LAM) rates between deliveries performed with Malmstrom's vacuum and the Kiwi vacuum. STUDY DESIGN: A prospective, multicenter observational study with 199 primiparous subjects was performed. All patients had undergone vaginal delivery by vacuum (Malmstrom's or Kiwi). Avulsion was defined as an abnormal insertion of LAM in the lower pubic branch in the multiplanar mode, as identified in the three central sections by transperineal 3/4D echography 6 months after delivery. The area of ​​the levator hiatus was measured in the plane of minimum dimensions at rest, during the Valsalva maneuver and during contraction. RESULTS: LAM avulsion occurred in 33.1% of cases in which Malmstrom's vacuum was used and in 29.4% of cases in which the Kiwi vacuum was used (the difference was not statistically significant), which resulted in a crude odds ratio (OR) of 0.977 (0.426, 2.241; P = .957) and an adjusted OR of 2.90 (0.691; 12.20; P = .146). Women in the Malmstrom's vacuum group had a larger LHA at rest 14.77 vs 12.64 cm2 ; P = .001) and at maximum contraction (13.41 vs 10.83 cm2 ; P < 0.001) in comparison with the Kiwi group, although the difference did not reach statistical significance under Valsalva maneuver (18.71 vs 17.21 cm2 ; P = .051).Differences between both groups were detected in the measurements of the hiatus area levator at rest (14.77 vs 12.64 cm2 ), during the Valsalva maneuver (18.71 vs 17.21 cm2 ) and during maximum contraction (13.41 vs 10.83 cm2 ). CONCLUSIONS: In the present study, Malmstrom's vacuum was not associated with a higher risk of LAM in comparison with Kiwi's Omnicup.

Incidence of obstetric anal sphincter injuries after implementing the Triepi-45 tool to improve episiotomy angle in instrumental deliveries.

OBJECTIVE: To assess the impact of Triepi-45-a tool that enables an episiotomy angle of 45° to be marked on the perineum at rest-on the incidence of obstetric anal sphincter injuries (OASIS) during operative vaginal delivery (OVD). METHOD: A retrospective-prospective cohort study was performed among successive women who underwent OVD at Complejo Asistencial Universitario de de León, Spain, between 2011 and 2013 (preintervention cohort, n=986) and between 2014 and 2016 (intervention cohort, n=986) after implementation of an interventional programme in 2013 to improve the episiotomy angle, including use of Triepi-45, in OVD. RESULTS: The intervention cohort had a lower incidence of OASIS than the preintervention cohort (70/986 [7.1%] vs 93/986 [9.4%]), but the difference was not significant, owing to the low use of Triepi-45 in the intervention cohort (n=375). However, the OASIS incidence was significantly lower in the Triepi-45 cohort than in the preintervention cohort (18/375 [4.8%] vs 93/986 [9.4%]; odds ratio, 0.47; 95% confidence interval, 0.26-0.86). CONCLUSION: Use of Triepi-45 had a positive impact on reducing OASIS in OVD. It remains essential to raise obstetricians' awareness of the importance of the episiotomy angle and to implement the systematic use of tools to reduce the incidence of OASIS.

Influence of the disengagement of the forceps on levator ani muscle injuries in instrumental delivery: A multicenter study.

INTRODUCTION: Forceps use is the main risk factor for levator ani muscle (LAM) injuries. We believe that the disengagement of the forceps branches before delivery of the fetal head could influence LAM injuries, so we aimed to determine the influence of the disengagement of the forceps on the occurrence of LAM avulsion during forceps delivery. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A prospective, observational, multicenter study was conducted with 261 women who underwent forceps delivery. The women were classified according to whether the branches of the forceps had been disengaged before delivery of the fetal head. LAM avulsion was defined using a multislice mode (3 central slices). RESULTS: In all, 255 women completed the study (160 without disengagement and 95 with disengagement). LAM avulsions were observed in 37.9% of women in the group with disengagement and in 41.9% of women in the group without disengagement. The crude OR (without disengagement vs with disengagement) for avulsion was 0.90 (95% CI 0.49-1.67, P = 0.757) and an adjusted OR of 0.82 (95% CI 0.40-1.69, P = 0.603). CONCLUSIONS: We did not observe a statistically significant reduction in the LAM avulsion rate with disengagement of the forceps branches before delivery of the fetal head.

Which characteristics of the episiotomy and perineum are associated with a lower risk of obstetric anal sphincter injury in instrumental deliveries.

OBJETIVE: Operative vaginal delivery (OVD) is the most important risk fact for obstetric anal sphincter injury (OASI). Knowledge of possible risk factors for their occurrence may therefore reduce the likelihood of faecal incontinence. The aim is to analyse the effect of mediolateral episitomy and perineum characteristics on the occurrence of OASI in OVD. STUDY DESIGN: Case-control study, which included 958 OVD that were reviewed in Pelvic Floor and Puerperium Clinic. The episiotomy and perineum characteristics of those women who experienced OASIs (n = 150) were compared with those who had no evidence of anal sphincter injury (n = 788). RESULTS: In multivariate logistic regression analysis the factors which were independently associated were nulliparity, persistent occipitoposterior position, birthweight >3500 g, an angle of episiotomy <30°, a distance episiotomy-fourchette <5 mm and a distance of perineal body <30 mm. The analysis of subgroups show that only the multiparous women does not benefit from any feature of the episiotomy, and an angle greater than 30° and a distance episiotomy-fourchette >5 mm are associated with a risk reduction of OASI in nulliparous, perineal bodies ≤30 mm and occipitoanterior position. CONCLUSIONS: Two modifiable risk factors at the time of performing the episiotomy, the angle and distance episiotomy-fourchette, have been identified as the risk modification of OASI. It is necessary to achieve an adequate angle to reduce the probability of OASIs in OVD, and in nulliparous women with an anterior position and a distance of perineal body ≤30 mm could benefit from increasing the episiotomy-fourchette distance.

Behavior of perineum during delivery before fetal head expulsion.

INTRODUCTION AND HYPOTHESIS: The aim of this study was to describe perineum deformation during the final part of delivery and suggest a modification of the episiotomy cut to increase accuracy for obtaining a suitable angle (45°) for surgical wound suture. METHODS: This prospective study enrolled 45 primiparous women. The perineum at rest was marked with five lines (0°, 30°, 45°, 60°, 90°), and each line was marked with two dots (point A-B: to 2-3 cm from initial point in fourchette, respectively). Two digital pictures were taken: one with the women at rest and the second during fetal head crowning; displacements were calculated for each point and angle. RESULTS: When the perineum is distending, the initial point of every line in the posterior fourchette moves laterally in introitus (only the 0° line remains at midline). The angle and the distance to points A and B of each line drawn do not change significantly from at rest to crowning. However, comparing original line configuration with an imaginary line from the fourchette to points A and B before expulsion, the angle and the distance is increased statistically significantly. CONCLUSIONS: Perineal distension at the moment of fetal head crowning causes a linear displacement of the perineum, which causes the difference in angle between the incision and episiotomy suture. Therefore, to obtain an episiotomy suture from fourchette with an angle of 45°, theoretically, we would have several angle incision options (between 45° and 60°), with a less acute angle when the introitus cut is closer to the fourchette (45° to 6 mm and ∼60° in the fourchette) and a sharper angle with a longer episiotomy.

Tumor de células de la granulosa tipo adulto de ovario / Adult granulosa cell tumor of the ovary

Introducción: El tumor de células de la granulosa (TCG) representa del 2 al 5% de todos los tumores de ovario. Se puede dividir en una forma adulta y una forma juvenil. Material y métodos: Se realizó un estudio retrospectivo descriptivo de los TCG tipo adulto diagnosticados en el Hospital de León, durante el período 1990-2005. Resultados: Se diagnosticaron un total de 14 casos de TCG de los cuales 12 (85,7%) fueron del tipo adulto y 2 (14,3%) del tipo juvenil. La edad media fue de 58,16 años; 9 pacientes eran menopáusicas y el 27,3% de ellas, nuligestas. El síntoma de presentación más frecuente fueron las metrorragias posmenopáusicas en el 25% de los casos y en segundo lugar, un cuadro de hemoperitoneo agudo. En el 33,3% el primer signo fue la aparición de una masa pélvica diagnosticada mediante una ecografía rutinaria, sin sintomatología acompañante. El antígeno carcinoembrionario 12.5 estaba elevado en el 58,3% de los casos, con un valor medio de 331 U/ml. En todos los casos el tratamiento primario fue quirúrgico, en las pacientes posmenopáusicas se realizó una cirugía pélvica completa y en las pacientes premenopáusicas, en 2 de los 3 casos, se realizó cirugía conservadora. Todos fueron tumores unilaterales, en el 66,7% en el lado izquierdo, de un tamaño medio de 13,72 cm, y en el 50% había presencia de cuerpos de Call-Exner. Según la clasificación FIGO, el 75% se diagnosticó en estadio IA y en el 25%, en IC. El tiempo de seguimiento medio de las pacientes fue de 4,26 años; durante ese período fallecieron 3 pacientes; el resto sigue con vida y sin signos de recaídas. Conclusiones: El pronóstico de las pacientes con TCG es generalmente excelente porque la mayoría de las pacientes presentan un estadio localizado, pero debido a su tendencia a recurrir años después del diagnóstico inicial parece razonable prolongar la vigilancia con exámenes físicos y el estudio de marcadores tumorales

Introduction: Granulosa cell tumor (GCT) of the ovary represents 2 to 5 % of all ovarian cancers. This neoplasm is divided into adult and juvenile types. Materials and methods: In the period between 1990 and 2005, a descriptive retrospective analysis of TCG-type adults diagnosed in León Hospital was made. Results: A total of 14 TCG cases were diagnosed, of which 12 were the adult type (85,7%) and 2 were the child type (14,3%). The diagnosis mean age was 58,16 years of age; nine of them were menopauses and 27,3% were nulligravida. The most frequent symptom was post-menopausic bleeding in 25%, followed by an acute haemoperitoneum. In 33,3% of the cases the first sign was a formation of a pelvic cluster diagnosed by means of a routine ultrasonography, with no further symptoms. Ca 12,5 was up in 58,3% of the cases with a mean value of 331 U/ml. The primary treatment was surgical in all the cases; a complete pelvic surgery was made in all cases of post-menopausals; in two out of three cases of pre-menopausals, a conservative surgery was made. They were all unilateral tumours; in 66,7% on the left side, of a mean size of 13,72 cm, and in 50% there were Call-Exner corpuses. According to FIGO classification, 75% were a IA stage, and in 25%, a IC stage. The mean follow-up time for patients was 4, 26 years; during this period, three of them deceased, the rest are alive and with no signs of relapse. Conclusions: Survival of patients with GCT is generally excelent, because most patients present with early-stage disease, and because of the propensity of GTC to recur years after initial diagnosis, prolonged surveillance with serial physical examination and tumor marker studies is reasonable (AU)

Inversión uterina puerperal / Puerperal uterine inversion

Introducción: La inversión uterina es una emergencia obstétrica y una rara complicación del tercer estadio del trabajo del parto. Objetivo: Describir las características clínicas, diagnósticas, terapéuticas y evolutivas de las pacientes con inversiones uterinas. Material y métodos: Estudio retrospectivo basado en 6 parturientas diagnosticadas de inversión uterina en el posparto en el Hospital de León durante el año 2005. Resultados: Las inversiones se produjeron en primíparas a término, con analgesia epidural y con partos instrumentales. En el 83% se utilizó oxitocina durante la dilatación, cuya duración media fue de 6,5 h. El diagnóstico fue mayoritariamente clínico, excepto en un caso grado II, que precisó una ecografía y cuya resolución fue quirúrgica. En el resto de los casos la resolución fue mediante reposición manual (83%). La disminución media de la hemoglobina preparto tras el episodio fue de 2,7 g/dl y sólo 2 pacientes precisaron transfusión. Conclusiones: Los factores predisponentes son la hipotonía uterina, la implantación fúndica y las placentas accretas. El 60% se debe a maniobras precipitadas, como la tracción de cordón o una presión fúndica inapropiada. El diagnóstico es esencialmente clínico. Aunque poco común, si no es diagnosticada, la inversión uterina pueda causar una hemorragia importante y shock, y provocar la muerte materna. Una vez diagnosticada, se deben tomar medidas para estabilizar a la paciente, realizándose inmediatamente la reducción manual. Los tocolíticos, como la ritrodina, la terbutalina y el sulfato de magnesio, o los anestésicos halogenados, pueden administrarse para facilitar la reversión. La nitroglicerina por vía intravenosa puede ser una alternativa. El fracaso requeriría tratamiento quirúrgico

Introduction: Uterine inversion is a rare obstetric emergency that occurs during the third stage of labor. Objective: To describe the clinical, diagnostic and therapeutic characteristics and outcomes in patients with uterine inversion. Material and methods: We performed a retrospective study of six patients with uterine inversion during the puerperium in the Hospital de Leon (Spain) in 2005. Results: All inversions occurred in primiparous women with epidural anesthesia and instrumental delivery at term. Oxytocin was used in 83% during dilatation, the average duration of which was 6.5 hours. Diagnosis was mainly clinical except in one grade II inversion, which required ultrasonography and was resolved surgically. The remaining cases were resolved through manual reduction (83%). After the episode, hemoglobin levels were reduced by an average of 2.7 g/dl from prepartum levels, and only two patients required blood transfusion. Conclusions: Factors predisposing to uterine inversion were hypotonic uterus, fundal implantation of the placenta, and placenta accreta. Sixty percent of all cases were caused by precipitous maneuvers including traction on the cord or improper fundal pressure. Diagnosis is essentially clinical. Although uncommon, uterine inversion will result in severe hemorrhage and shock if left unrecognized, leading to maternal death. Once a diagnosis is made, immediate measures must be taken to stabilize the mother. Manual manipulation should be attempted immediately to reverse the inversion. Tocolytics, such as ritrodine, magnesium sulphate and terbutaline, or halogenated anesthetics may be administered to relax the uterus and aid its reversal. Intravenous nitroglycerin is an alternative to tocolytics. Failure of reversion or recurrence requires surgical treatment (AU)

Leiomioma vulvar atípico / Atypical vulvar leiomyoma

Los criterios valorados para el diagnóstico de malignidad en los tumores de músculo liso primarios vulvares son: tamaño ≥ 5 cm, márgenes infiltrantes, 5 o más mitosis por cada 10 campos de gran aumento, y atipia citológica moderada o grave. Con 3 o más de estos criterios, el diagnóstico será de leiomiosarcoma, y con uno o menos, de leiomioma. Cuando el tumor reúne sólo 2 criterios, el diagnóstico es de leiomioma atípico o leiomiosarcoma de bajo grado, y presenta un riesgo de recidiva local más que de enfermedad metastásica. Presentamos un caso de leiomioma atípico vulvar en una paciente de 87 años de edad, de 6,5 cm de eje máximo y de 5-7 mitosis por cada 10 campos de gran aumento, a la que se realizó un tratamiento conservador y un seguimiento de la evolución

The evaluation criteria for the diagnosis of primary malignant smooth-muscle tumors of the vulva are size equal to or greater than 5 cm, infiltrating margins, more than 5 mitotic figures per 10 high-power fields, and moderate to severe cytologic atypia. Lesions with three or more of these features should be diagnosed as leiomyosarcoma while those with only one of these characteristics should be diagnosed as leiomyoma. Lesions with two of those features should be considered as atypical leiomyoma or low-grade leiomyosarcoma, with a risk of local recurrence rather than of metastatic disease. We report the case of an 87-year-old woman with an atypical leiomyoma of the vulva. Histological characterization of the tumor revealed a maximum diameter of 6.5 cm and 5-7 mitotic figures per 10 high-power fields. The patient underwent conservative treatment and follow-up

Incidencia y mortalidad del cáncer epitelial de ovario en el Área Sanitaria de León / Incidence and mortality of ovarian epithelial cancer in the health area of León (Spain)

Objetivo: Analizar la incidencia y la mortalidad por cáncer epitelial de ovario en el Área Sanitaria de León durante el período 1991-2001. Pacientes y métodos: Incluimos en el estudio a 236 mujeres con diagnóstico histológico de cáncer epitelial, invasivo, de ovario. Se calcularon las tasas brutas, acumuladas, truncadas, específicas por edad y ajustadas a la población mundial, tanto de la incidencia como de la mortalidad. Resultados: La tasa bruta de incidencia en todo el período es de 11,07 x 105 mujeres al año, la tasa ajustada de 5,97 x 105 mujeres al año, y la tasa acumulada, que indica el riesgo que tiene una mujer de esta área sanitaria de presentar un cáncer de ovario a lo largo de su vida, es de 0,15, es decir, 1,5 de cada 1.000 mujeres tendrán esta enfermedad. La tasa bruta de mortalidad es de 6,15 x 105 mujeres al año; la tasa ajustada, de 2,70 x 105 mujeres al año y la tasa acumulada de mortalidad, que indica el riesgo de morir por esta enfermedad, es de 1,39. Conclusiones: Las tasas de incidencia son similares o ligeramente superiores a las cifras publicadas para todo el territorio nacional; sin embargo, la tasa de mortalidad es menor que en otras provincias españolas y el conjunto de los países europeos, coincidiendo con las tasas de mortalidad apreciadas en el grupo de los países mediterráneos

Aim: To analyze the incidence and mortality of ovarian epithelial cancer in the health area of León between 1991 and 2000. Patients and methods: A total of 236 women with a histodiagnosis of invasive ovarian epithelial cancer were included in this study. We calculated the crude, accumulated, truncated, and age-specific incidence and mortality rates adjusted to the world population. Results: The crude incidence rate for the entire period was 11.07 x 105 women/year, the adjusted rate was 5.97 x 105 women/year, and the accumulated rate, which indicates the risk of developing ovarian cancer over a lifespan in women from this health area, was 0.15, that is, 1.5 out of every 1000 women will suffer from this disease. The crude mortality rate was 6.15 x 105 women/year, the adjusted rate was 2.70 x 105 women/year, and the accumulated mortality rate, which indicates the risk of dying from this disease, was 1.39. Conclusions: The incidence rates in this study are similar or slightly higher than those reported for Spain as a whole. However, the mortality rate is lower than that in other Spanish provinces and in the European Union as a whole and is similar to mortality rates in the group of Mediterranean countries